INTONATION AND LINKING

 

PREFACE

Thank God we say the presence of Allah Almighty for all the grace and blessing that has been in limpahkannya, so the compiler paper entitled "intonation ang linking" can be resolved.

The author realizes that this paper may be inaccurate or incomplete, therefore, criticism and suggestions are very writers need to enhance this paper.

Authors hope this paper can be useful for us in particular and for the general reader.

 

Sincerely

Eneng Saripah

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Page

PREFACE       ...................................................................................................... 1

Sign up ISI     ...................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 1

PENDAHULUAN      ........................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2

PEMBAHASAN        .......................................................................................... 4

A. Definition of intonation           ..................................................................... 5

B. Examples of intonation            ..................................................................... 6

C. Understanding of pronunciation, stress, intonation and pauses............. 7

D. Joint-combined vocal   ............................................................................... 8

E. Definition linking verb  ............................................................................... 9

F. Examples of linking verb ............................................................................ 10

CHAPTER 3

PENUTUP      ................................................................................................... 11

References of the list ..................................................................................... 12

 

 

 

 

INTONATION

     Intonation is up and down, or high and low tones in a sentence pronunciation. Intonation commonly expressed with numbers (1,2,3,4). Figures 1 symbolizes the lowest pitch, while the number 4 symbolizes the highest pitch. The use of intonation indicates mood speakers. Intonation can also indicate the characteristics of a sentence. Sentences spoken intonation decreased usually end statement, while an end to the rising intonation generally in the form of interrogative sentence.

Example:

a. A mother had gone home.

b. Mother home? When?

Means intonation was not a single symptom, but it is the combination of a range of symptoms that is the pressure (stress), tone (pitch), duration (long-short), stop, and voice rising, flat, ataumerendah at the end of the speech flow before . Intonation with all the constituent elements are called suprasegmental elements of language. The cornerstone of intonation is characterized by a series of tones that pressure, duration, stop and ascending sound, equitable, modestly at the end of the speech stream.

Limitation: Intonation is a collaboration between the tone, pressure, duration, and rest stops that accompany a speech, from the beginning to the last stop.

Because the most important elements of intonation is pressure, pitch, duration, danperhentian, then the following will be given a brief description of the four components.

a. Understanding Pressure

What is meant by pressure (stress) is a type of suprasegmental elements are characterized by hard-gentle flow of speech. Flow speech louder or softer determined by the amplitude of vibration, which is generated by a force stronger or weaker. When we say a word in a loud, such as word / housing /, you will hear that the flow of speech is no more violent part pronounced than other parts.

       Pressure in Indonesian

Although the pressure in the Indonesian language is not distinctive, it does not mean that the words in the Indonesian language does not contain the pressure. As in the illustration with the word / housing /, clearly there is pressure in Indonesian. But that raises the issue is where the hard pressure on Indonesian words? The Indonesian people who have a variety of local languages ​​and dialects, has also a different intonation manifold. Diversity and the intonation was brought into Indonesian, to influence the language intonation Indoenesia. In daily life, we encounter a variety of people who use Indonesian, but how different intonation used by a Java and a Batak, a Minang and a Sundanese, Ambon or Fores. But let's say from all intonation Which is true? Which measures are used to set the correct intonation? Until now there has been no official provision about it.

Provisions while existing in some grammars are based only on the opinion and taste of certain people. Which is justified by the science of language is first of all we have to hold intonation codification of all speakers of Indonesian, or at least some people who represent various local languages ​​and dialects, and then be able to set the rules of intonation raw for Indonesian. If these are not addressed, it would seem that the provision made it will be another way of reality. It is the common hope that in the not too long, has already begun efforts in this direction.

       Pressure Sentence

Despite pressure distinctive in the field of the word does not exist in Indonesian, in the field of pressure distinctive sentence there. Such pressure is usually called emfasis.

The pressure is created, among others, if there is a particular word or part of a sentence that is overlooked, or contrasted with other parts.

       Dynamic pressure (weak loud)

Say the dialogue in the script by doing emphases on every word that require emphasis. My example in the sentence "I bought this pencil" note that any pressure has a different meaning.

       Tone pressure (high)

Read or pronounce a dialogue with the sound up and down and change. So is the pressure is on the high and low tones of a word.

       Pressure Tempo

Pressure tempo is slow down or speed up the pronunciation. This pressure is often used to further reinforce what we mean.

b. Understanding Tone

What is meant by the tone is a type of suprasegmental elements are characterized by high-current low-speech.

c. Understanding Duration

What is meant by the duration is a type of suprasegmental elements are characterized by a short length of time it takes to say sebuag segment.

In the speech, the segments in the word / high / ie / ting / and / gi / each of which can be spoken in the same time, but it can happen that a speaker can say segments / important / longer than the segment / gi / or vice versa

       The duration of the sentence

As has been said above, the duration of the field there are no words in Indonesian. However, in the field there is the duration of the distinctive sentences. A segment in a sentence can be pronounced in a relatively longer time than other segments in the sentence, to suppress the segment. For example:

      / Clothes he was wearing almighty. . l once /

Or if a longer speech or talk will say certain parts of speech, whether tangible clause, sentence, or a series of sentences, in a slower time than the other parts. And in many ways it is frequently used. Important part spoken quickly, while an important part spoken slowly.

       Silence

Silence is a process that occurs during the course of a speech or a flow-speech, which decides the flow-speech ongoing. Therefore, silence is always in the field of speech, the minimum sentence in the field.

There was silence temporary or lasting a few seconds, which indicates that the speech will be continued. There is also a stop that are longer, which is usually followed by a declining voice stating that the said or bagiab from said it had reached unanimity. The first type is called the silence of silence between or non-final silence or pauses. This silence is usually denoted by a comma (,). While the second is called the silence silence final or final silence. This silence is usually denoted by a dot (.) Or a semicolon (;) when his voice modestly, and will be denoted by a question mark (?) If intonation modestly, and the denoted with an exclamation point (!) If the intonation sounded louder voice decreases

Understanding of the pronunciation, Pressure, intonation, and Pause

The smallest element of language in the form of speech sound symbol called

phonemes. The science that studies the phonemes called phonological or phonemic. Phoneme

produced by the human vocal organs known as articulation. In

written form called letters. This speech symbols in the

Indonesian divided into two, namely vowels and consonants. Pronunciation

These symbols are called with pronunciation sound. So the pronunciation is the way

a person or group of speakers of the language in utter lambanglambang

the sound produced by the instrument he said.

Vowel phonemes in general pronounced Indonesian

into eight speech sound even though the writing only five (a, i, u,

e, o). For example,

phoneme / a / is pronounced [a]

phoneme / i / is pronounced [i]

phoneme / u / is pronounced [u]

phoneme / e / is pronounced three sounds that: [e], [ə] or e weak, and [ε]

or e width.

Example usage he said;

pronunciation [e] the word <satay>

pronunciation [ə] in the word <pəsan>

pronunciation [ε] the word <n ε n ε k>

phoneme / o / consists of pronunciation [o] ordinary and pronunciation [] or o round.

Example usage he said:

pronunciation [o] the word [person]

pronunciation [] the word [phn], when I say it is more advanced lip

and round.

Variation pronunciation fonerm / e / and / o / this is not so perceived,

tend to be disguised as the pronunciation does not change the meaning except

on certain words that include the type of homonyms.

There are no specific guidelines governing these words or pronunciations as

how he organized a system of writing or spelling in the Guidelines Spelling

Enhanced (EYD) that must be complied with any written language users

Indonesian as the default size. The pronunciation is often influenced by

considering the local language Indonesian users consists of various

tribes who have a language of their respective regions. Language

This area is the mother language which is difficult to be removed so that

when using Indonesian often in pronunciation colored

by elements of regional language. Example: word <what> is spoken by people

Betawi be <ape>, <phn> spoken <Pu'un>. In language Tapanuli

(Batak), pronunciation e generally be ε, as the word <correct> be

<Bεnar>, or in the language areas of Bali and Aceh pronunciation of the letters t and d

was strong once, such as audible utterance friend fever,

especially in Java, Central Java region saying the letter b is often accompanied

with the sound / m / for example, <Bali> into [mBali], <tomorrow> be

{Mbesok] and so on.

In addition, the pronunciation of the word is also influenced by everyday language

not standardized. Consider the example below.

-------- Egg Egg

-------- seat korsi

-------- hole hole

-------- bag kant ng

Monday -------- sənεn

Wednesday -------- reb

-------- Thursday Thursday

-------- kebo buffalo, and so forth.

According to EYD, vowels and consonants listed in the order

alphabet, from A to Z with spelling or pronunciation. In general

each student can recite the alphabet correctly, but no pronunciation

some letters that need special attention because of frequent

influenced by the pronunciation of foreign languages ​​or English.

Example:

- C is pronounced ce not se,

- Letter g ge not pronounced ji

- The letter q is not pronounced ki kyu

- The letter v is pronounced fe not fi

- The letter x is pronounced ex instead of oak

- The letter y is pronounced ye not ey

So: Pronunciation MTQ is [ki te em] not [em te kyu]

TV pronunciation is [te fe] not [ti fi]

Exit pronunciation is [exits] not [ekit]

In the existing Indonesian joint followed by a vowel sound

consonant w or y are called diphthongs.

Example:

1. Combined vocal / ai / cause glide consonant sound [v]

the words:

- River becomes Sungay

- Goulash be Gulay

- Beach becomes pantay

2. Combined vocal / au / cause glide consonant sounds

[Aw] the word:

- Tiger became harimaw

- Limes into limaw

- If it becomes kalaw

3. Combined vocal / oi / cause glide consonant sounds

[Oy] the word:

- Cowboys become a cowboy

- Amboi be Amboy

- Gentle into Sepoy

However, there are words that use the composite element in

above still be read in conjunction second vowel pronunciation.

Example: - named remain readable [named]

- Play remains readable [play]

- Would still be read [would]

- Leaves remain readable [leaves]

- Coins remain readable [coin]

- Heroin remains readable [heroin]

There is also the Indonesian grammar, combined consonants

pronounced with a sound, such as phoneme / kh /, / sy /, ny /, / ng / and / nk /.

Although written with two letters, but pronounced the sound, for example:

Specifically, terms, singing, charred, bank.

Pronunciation and segmental phonemes are elements in the Indonesian language.

In addition to these elements, there is also another element whose function is associated with the element

suprasegmental, namely stress, intonation, and pause. Pressure is a symptom

incurred as a result of specialization in the pronunciation of a

syllables or words. Is a form of high and low pressure, long

in short, gentle or harsh sound or pronunciation. Usually the word

that a certain pressure is said that overlooked.

The pressure in the Indonesian language does not change the meaning of such

Toba Batak language / bóntar / meaning white, and / moment / meaning blood.

Pressure only shows something that is highlighted words or phrases or

necessitated in order to gain an understanding specifically for the listener.

Particular stress on a word or phrase reinforces the intent

speaker. Usually the pressure is supported by expression or facial expressions

as part of the characteristics of the spoken language.

Examples of the use pattern of pressure:

1. Adi buy novels in bookstores.

(Who bought the novel Adi, not others)

2. Adi buy novels in bookstores.

(Adi buy the novel, not reading)

3. Adi buy novels in bookstores.

(Purchased Adi novel is not stationary)

4. Adi buy novels in bookstores.

(Adi buy novels in bookstores is not in the market)

Other suprasegmental traits is intonation. Intonation is high

low tones in a sentence pronunciation. Intonation commonly expressed by

numbers (1,2,3,4). Figures 1 symbolizes the lowest pitch, while

number 4 symbolizes the highest pitch. The use of intonation

signifies the mood speakers. In a mad man

often stated something to the ascending and rising intonation,

whereas berintonasi sad mood tends to decline. Intonation is also

may indicate the characteristics of a sentence. Sentence spoken

with final intonation decreased usually statement, while

which ended with a general upward intonation form interrogative sentence.

Example:

- They've gone.

- They've been gone? When?

Speaking of intonation means talking also about the break. Pause is

termination or silence. Pause also associated with intonation,

good use of intonation can be determined also by pausing

appropriate sentence. For a long sentence pauses placement in

pronunciation determine ketersampaian message. With proper pause

listeners can understand the main points of the contents disclosed sentence.

The use of pauses that are not well made and not feel awkward sentence

can be understood. In spoken language, the interval marked by silence.

In the written language is characterized by a space or a pause denoted by

slash [/], comma [,], a semicolon [;], colon [:], marks

dash [-], or a dash [-]. Pause can also affect the sense of

or the meaning of a sentence. Consider the example below.

According to the doctor's examination Joko Susanto is sick

This sentence can contain a different sense if jedanya

changed. For example,

a. According to the examination / doctor Joko Susanto / is sick.

(Sick doctor Joko Susanto)

b. According to the doctor's examination / Joko Susanto / is sick.

(Which checks the doctor and the pain is Joko Susanto)

c. According to the doctor's examination Joko / Susanto / is sick.

(Which checks named doctor Joko, sick Susanto)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LINKING

Linking verb is a form of a verb or in Indonesian called verb, which functions as a bridge between two ideas, for example between the first with a student. Between the first with a student that needs a linking verb to express the relationship between the two. Therefore, in this paper will be discussed further on "Linking Verbs" along with example sentences.

DEFINITIONS linking VERBS

Linking verbs are verbs link that connects the subject with complement (complementary) which explain, bias complement noun or adjective complement. Often used to replace to be and is used to indicate something related to the senses (look, sound, smell, feel, taste) or circumstances (Appear, seem, Become, grow, turn, Prove, REMAIN, keep, stay, go, run).

Linking verbs are divided into two groups, namely

1. verbs that are ALWAYS linking verb

2. verbs that can be both ACTION and linking verbs

Linking Verbs common ones are:

Linking the following verbs can connect / followed by the adjective:

Subject Linking Verb Predicate Adjective

The party was fantastic.

The music sounded great.

The decorations looked extremely beautiful.

The cake tasted utterly delicious.

The flowers smelled wonderful.

The students felt delighted.

B. EXAMPLE linking VERBS

Michael is a football fan.

Is is not something that Michael can actually do. Instead, it connects the subject, Michael to more information about him, that he really enjoys playing or watching the ball. So in this sentence is a linking verb is.

The dogs are barking angrily at the cat.

Are is not something dogs can do. Are connects the subject, dogs, to information about them, that they are mad at the cat. Tomas always feels tired when he stays up all night playing video games.

Feels connects the subject, Thomas, to his state of being, tired.

Learning to speak a new language seems impossibly hard at first.

Seems connects the subject, a new language, with something said about it, that it's difficulty can be deceiving at first.

There are other verbs that are known as true linking verbs and they are as follows:

Any form of the verb be roomates includes am, it, is, are, were, was, has been, are being, etc. Also, Become and seem are linking verbs. Reviews These are called true verbs linking verbs Because they are always linking verbs.

Then there are verbs that can be linking verbs or action verbs. Reviews These include feel, look, REMAIN, grow, Appear, smell, taste, turn, and sounds.

But how do you tell when Reviews These words are being used as an action verb and when they are connecting the subject of the verb to more information? It's not as difficult, as you may think.

One handy little trick is to see if you can substitute is, and, or are and see if the sentence still makes sense. If it does then you're dealing with a linking verb. If it does not make sense after the substitution, then it's an action verb. Here are a few examples of this trick in action:

Stella tasted anchovies pizza for the first time.

Stella is anchovy pizza? Of course not! So in this case, tasted is an action verb and expresses something Stella is doing.

The anchovy pizza tasted delicious.

The anchovy pizza is delicious? Some people think so! Sense tastedcan be replaced with is, the verb is a linking verb tasted in this sentence.

I smelled the cookies baking as soon as I walked in the door.

I am the cookies? Not me. Smell, in this case is acting as an action verb.

The cookies smell divine.

The cookies are divine? Absolutely! Have one! Smell is a linking verb in the above sentence.

When Karen felt the slimy fish, she dropped it Immediately.

Karen is the slimy fish? Of course not! Again, here we're dealing with an action verb. Felt is something Karen is doing. Linking verb that can serve as an action verb and linking verbs are:

* .appear, Feel, grow, look, Prove, REMAIN, smell, sound, taste, turn.

The formula:

Subject + Verb + Linking Information About The Subject.

Examples:

1. I am happy.

2. She looks nice.

3. The soup smells good.

 

              Then, how can we know when a particular verb in a sentence serves as a linking verb or an action verb? If we can replace the verb with "is, am, are" and meaning it still sounds plausible, then he is a linking verb. If after replacement, the meaning of the sentence does not sound unreasonable, then it serves as an action verb. Example:

1. My dog ​​Oreo felt the wet grass beneath her paws. "Oreo is the wet grass? No. "Felt" here serves as an action verb.

2. "The chicken mushroom pizza smells heavenly." The pizza is heavenly? Yes, definitely! "Smell" serves as a linking verb.

            Another example is the linking verb in the sentence: "She's beautiful." or "The beautiful girl". In that sentence no verb it, so that the necessary 'Linking Verb.

         The girl is beautiful. (Or)

         The girllooks beautiful.

Linking verbs are divided into:

To be = is, am, are, was, were

non to be = Become, Appear, look, taste, smell, seem, REMAIN, Prove,

What are the different uses of both?

         Linking Verb (to be) used to connect between Subject and predicate derived from the type of word 'NOUN' or gerund, 'adjective', 'ADVERB' or 'prepositional Phrase'.

He Ismy friend (Noun)

My hobbyisreading. (Gerund)

They arehappy. (Adjective)

She ishere. (Adverb)

We arein the classroom. (Adverb / prep. Phrase 

          Linking Verb (non-to be) is only used to connect Subject and predicate derived from the type of word 'adjective'.

She looks beautiful.

It smells good.

They seem lazy

            Linking verbs are always intransitive (but not all intransitive verbs are linking verbs).

         To be also called linking verbs, as in the following example:

- The crew's missionisto create the best Topographic map of Earth.

- The WHO solutionwasjudges would mete out longer prison sentences.

- Leonardo said, "Iamthe king of the world."

            But to be also not always act as linking verbs, for example:

- Nyoko was crossing a bridge when the earthquake hit.

- Margaret Ann was feeling tired.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

 Intonation is up and down, or high and low tones in a sentence pronunciation. Intonation commonly expressed with numbers (1,2,3,4). Figures 1 symbolizes the lowest pitch, while the number 4 symbolizes the highest pitch. The use of intonation indicates mood speakers. Intonation can also indicate the characteristics of a sentence. Sentences spoken intonation decreased usually end statement, while an end to the rising intonation generally in the form of interrogative sentence.

             Linking verbs are verbs link that connects the subject with complement (complement) that explains it. Linking verb is often used to replace to be and is used to indicate something related to the senses or state

Linking verbs are divided into two groups, namely

1. The verbs that are always linking verb

2. verbs that can be both action and linking verbs

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